application of recombinant proteins for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in humans and dogs

visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a zoonotic disease caused by leishmania species. dogs are considered to be the main reservoir of vl. a number of methods and antigen-based assays are used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. however, currently available methods are mainly based on direct examination of tissues for the presence of parasites, which is highly invasive. a variety of serological tests are commonly applied for vl diagnosis, including indirect fluorescence antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), dot-elisa, direct agglutination test, western-blotting, and immunochromatographic test. however, when soluble antigens are used, serological tests are less specific due to cross-reactivity with other parasitic diseases. several studies have attempted to replace soluble antigens with recombinant proteins to improve the sensitivity and the specificity of the immunodiagnostic tests. major technological advances in recombinant antigens as reagents for the serological diagnosis of vl have led to high sensitivity and specificity of these serological tests. a great number of recombinant proteins have been shown to be effective for the diagnosis of leishmania infection in dogs, the major reservoir of l. infantum. although few recombinant proteins with high efficacy provide reasonable results for the diagnosis of human and canine vl, more optimization is still needed for the appropriate antigens to provide high-throughput performance. this review aims to explore the application of different recombinant proteins for the serodiagnosis of vl in humans and dogs.